The study of earthquake waves in the last one hundred years has provided an. Lab report earthquakes and earths interior name igtegn. It is caused due to release of energy, which generates waves that travel in all directions. The new chair of physics of the earths interior, as we shall see, will focus mainly on. Be sure to staple the sheets together if necessary. Most of our knowledge of earths interior comes from the study of p and s. Using seismic waves to image earths internal structure nature. That activity builds stress and creates earthquakes. Earthquakes and the earths interior a violent pulse. Plate tectonics and associated phenomena such as earthquakes and. Defining an earthquake defining an earthquake an earthquake is a natural occurrence, like rain. Explain the elastic rebound theory, which provides an explanation for the origin of earthquakes. Earths layers, their cycles and earth system science.
Click the small images with blue borders to see a larger version. Energy moves outward as an expanding sphere of waves. The crust is the thin outer layer made of rock, which covers the whole earth and includes the oceanic crust. The focus is the point on the fault surface where motion begins. View lab report 6 pg117and118 from english 12 at cabot high school. Over 14,000 residents of the region were killed as poorly constructed. An experience of science theatre to introduce earth.
Explain how the materials in earths interior affect seismic waves. Define and describe the composition of earths crust, mantle and core. This event occurred on all saints day and the devastation is still fresh in. This fact sheet uses data from the 1994 magnitude 6. You will turn this prelab worksheet in at the beginning of your next lab.
This release of energy causes intense ground shaking in the area near the source of the earthquake and sends waves of elastic energy, called seismic waves, throughout the earth. Reading strategy outlining as you read, fill in the outline with the important ideas in this section. Seismic waves generated in earths interior provide images that help us to better understand the pattern of mantle convection that drives plate. Chapter 8 earthquakes and earths interior summary 8. The epicenter is the point on earth s surface directly above the focus. Fault slippage begins at the focus and spreads across a fault surface in a rupture front. The science behind earthquakes what is an earthquake. Finally, axels fear is relieved while aurora envisages an earth without earthquakes and volcanoes.
Describe the characteristics of seismic waves and explain the difference between primary waves, secondary waves, and surface waves. Earthquakes shout into the earths interior and their echoes reveal a hidden world of moving plates, regions of swirling rock and subterranean oceans of molten iron. Documentation for initial seismic hazard maps for haiti. Seismographs are instruments that record earthquake waves. Earthquake the study of seismic waves provides a complete picture of the layered interior. Rupture area slip zone is the whole area of fault that. Seismic tomography is an imaging technique that uses seismic waves generated by earthquakes and explosions to create computergenerated, threedimensional images of earths interior. Earthquakes and the earths interior chapters 10 and 11. Lecture outlines powerpoint chapter 8 earth science, 12e tarbucklutgens. Earthquakes an earthquake is a trembling or shaking of the ground caused by a sudden release of energy stored in the rocks beneath the earths surface. Seismologists are concerned with minimizing the destructiveness of earthquakes by. Earthquakes and the earth s interior earthquakes earthquakes occur when energy stored in elastically strained rocks is suddenly released.
Earthquake tip 1 learning earthquake design and construction figure 3. The epicenter is the point on earths surface that lies vertically above the focus of an earthquake. Pdf this chapter outlines some of the understanding of the earths interior derived from. After you read, complete the sequence of layers in earths interior. Masses in the earths physical layers are in constant convective motion, the fluid envelopes. The earths internal structure much of what we know about the interior of the earth comes from knowledge of seismic wave velocities and their variation with depth in the earth. The lisbon earthquake of november 1, 1775, is said to have basically stirred the advances of the modern seismology. Seismic waves are waves of energy generated by earthquakes or explosions that cause motions of the earth. Use the green headings as the main topics and the blue headings as subtopics. Page 32 earthquake causes and characteristics plate tectonics first presented in 1967, the theory of plate tectonics postulates that the earth once was covered by a single crust, or plate, with no oceans. Earthquakes and earth s interior what causes earthquakes. Earthquakes and the earths interior tulane university. The quake flattened hillsides, knocked out communications, blocked roads, destroyed most hospitals, and clogged haitis main seaport with debris. By combining studies of both body wave and normal mode whole.
A seismometer or seismograph is used to study and measure the strength of earthquakes. An earthquake, or seismic event, is a sudden movement of earth s crust that releases energy. Faults are fractures in earth where movement has occurred. Earths interior earthquake energy the stresses that cause earthquakes are applied by tectonic forces ultimately derived from convection in the earths interior driven by decay of. An earthquake is the vibration of earth produced by the rapid release of energy within the lithosphere. Exploring geology and evolution, 7e instructors manual chapter 9. The activity is on page 5253 of the revised august, 2000 edition of tremor. The deadly izmit earthquake struck northwest turkey on august 17, 1999, at 3 a.
Earthquakes earthquakes occur when energy stored in elastically strained rocks is suddenly released. It is found that the earth consists of three layers as illustrated in figure 9. Large amount of heat was generated by this fusion, and slowly as the. Earthquake vibrations are measured with seismometers. Seismic tomographyusing earthquakes to image earths. The initial rupture point, where abrupt movement creates an earthquake, typically lies below the surface at a point called the focus the initial rupture point of an earthquake. An experience of science theatre to introduce earth interior and natural hazards to children gemma musacchio 1. Its like when youre teacher loses their marbles because youve asked them the same question 7 times in a row. Lecture outlines powerpoint chapter 8 tarbucklutgens. The mild motion of a small seismic event can be exciting. Learning earthquake tip 1 earthquake design and construction.
They can be used on the earths surface or buried text pp 222228 underground. Earthquakes affect almost every part of the earth and like rain they can be either mild or catastrophic. Earthquakes occur due to the thrust faulting and range in depth from shallow to about 200 km. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. Earthquakes and earths interior chapter exam instructions choose your answers to the questions and click next to see the next set of questions. An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. Over the course of geological time, earthquakes, floods, and other natural events have helped to shape the surface of our planet. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Tsunami systems are set up around the world to protect people along coasts from ocean waves generated by earthquakes. It is not the task of the new manual of seismological observatory practice. Earthquakes create seismic waves that travel through the earth.
Effectsimpacts of earthquakes there are many effects of earthquakes including, but not limited to the following. New views of the earths interior, a meeting jointly supported by the british geophysical association and the mineralogical society of great britai. Seismology deals primarily with earthquakes and seismic waves. Because radon is inert, it does not combine with other. Major tectonic plates on the earths surface the earth and its interior long time ago, a large collection of material masses coalesced and formed the earth. While many countries have borders along faults and mountain ranges, earthquakes dont care about political boundaries. What can earthquakes tell us about the interior of the earth. Vocabulary earthquake focus epicenter fault elastic rebound hypothesis aftershock foreshock each year, more than 30,000 earthquakes occur worldwide that are strong enough to be felt. Broken windows collapse of buildings fires, as seen in the 1906 san francisco earthquake tsunamis, as seen in the 2004 sumatran earthquake landslides destabilization of. If the earth were of uniform composition and density seismic rays would travel in straight lines as shown in figure 1. Lab report 6 pg117and118 lab report earthquakes and.
Chapter 8 earthquakes and earths interior section 8. Earthquakes chapter 6 modern earth science earthquakes and plate tectonics section 6. Using a technique called seismic tomography, scientists decode the. The movement of earths crust resulting from the release of built up potential energy between two stuck tectonic plates. Many earthquakes happen at the borders of tectonic plates. Earth science guided reading and study workbook 55 vocabulary definition earthquake a. Earthquakes and earths interior objectives explain the connection between earthquakes and plate tectonics. Earthquakes and the earths interior earthquakes earthquakes occur when energy stored in elastically strained rocks is suddenly released. Earthquakes general features vibration of earth produced by the rapid release of energy. Chapter 8 earthquakes and earths interior section 1 what is an earthquake. Energy released at an earthquake s focus radiates outward as body waves, which are of two kinds. Earth revealing information about the layers traversed.
In this paper we will deal with earthquakes, considered as a long term chain of processes involving, not only the interaction between different components of the earth s interior, but also the. Earthquakes are caused by slippage along a break in the lithosphere, called a fault. Our only method of investigating the earths interior monroe. By analyzing these seismic waves, seismologists can explore the earths deep interior. List the key observations that revealed earth to possess a. Earthquakes and earths interior summary abrupt movements of faults that release elastically stored energy cause earthquakes elastic rebound.
An imaginary line joining the points of same intensity of the earthquake is called an. The location below the earths surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the. The location below the earth s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the. Earthquakes and the earths interior direktori file upi. By combining the recordings of many earthquakes in numerous stations. We could think of the earth at this time like a hardboiled egg, with a thin hard shell extending over the entire surface of the earth. Chapter 8 earthquakes and earths interior science final.
The rupture front travels at roughly 3 kilometers per second for earthquakes in the crust. There is a large amount of geologic activity and movement along the borders of these plates. An earthquake in simple words is shaking of the earth. Seismic wave propagation and earth models gfzpublic. This waveform energy can be measured around the globe. Earthquakes and earths interior233 figure 14 the arrows show only a few of the many possible paths. By arthur frankel, stephen harmsen, charles mueller, eric calais, and jennifer haase.
Earth science, 12e earthquakes and earths interior chapter 8. The interior layers of the earth are not able to be observed directly, so scientists need to rely on other information to learn about it. Robertson abstract evidence on the structure and composition of the earth s interior comes from 1 observations of surface rocks, 2 geophysical data from earthquakes, flow of heat from the interior, the magnetic field, and gravity, 3 laboratory ex. The disaster was made even worse by strong aftershocks that rumbled for days after the main. Most earthquakes occur at or near tectonic plate boundaries, where stress on the rock is greatest. Click show me throughout the lab to see instructional animations that go with the lab. Studying a series of earthquakes reveals the interior structure of earth.